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Ma Yin
Ma Yin (馬殷) (853〔-December 2, 930〔〔), courtesy name Batu (霸圖), formally King Wumu of Chu (楚武穆王), was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty who became the first ruler of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Chu and the only one who carried the title of "king."〔Ma Yin's title was ''Wang'' (王) in Chinese, which could be translated as either "Prince" or "King" in English. The translation of "Prince" will be used here during the time that he carried the title of ''Wang'' of Chu during Later Liang and most of Later Tang. The translation of "King" will be used after he was created the ''Guowang'' (literally, "State King/Prince") of Chu by Li Siyuan, a title that carried for the rest of his life.〕 He initially took control of the Changsha region in 896 after the death of his predecessor Liu Jianfeng, and subsequently increased his territorial hold to roughly modern Hunan and northeastern Guangxi, which became the territory of Chu.
== Background and early career ==
Ma Yin was born in 853, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong. He was known to be from Yanling (鄢陵, in modern Xuchang, Henan),〔''History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 133.〕 but all that is known about his ancestors is that his great-grandfather was named Ma Yun (馬筠), his grandfather was named Ma Zheng (馬正), and his father was named Ma Yuanfeng (馬元豐).〔''New History of the Five Dynasties'', vol. 66.〕 HIs family claimed ancestry from the great Han Dynasty general Ma Yuan.〔 Ma Yin was a carpenter in his youth.〔 He had at least two younger brothers, Ma Cong (馬賨) and Ma Cun (馬存).〔''Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms'', (vol. 71 ).〕
At one point, when Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang) stationed an army at Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan) to defend against the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao, Ma Yin served in the Zhongwu army stationed at Cai, under the officers Sun Ru and Liu Jianfeng. By that time, Ma had become known for his abilities and bravery. Later, when Qin Zongquan the military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered at Cai Prefecture) rebelled against the rule of Emperor Xuānzong's grandson Emperor Xizong, Sun and Liu, as well as their army, came under Qin's rule.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 256.〕
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